Africa

Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)

Main Idea: Since the British and French were placing all of their war dilemmas on their African colonies, it sparked anti-colonists movements around the continent. Details: - Due to the colonization of Africa only a few short decades before the start of WWI, precolonial missionary efforts had produced small groups of Western-educated Africans in the west and south central Africa by the end of the 19th century.The educated Africans remained loyal to the British and French that rule them. - The British and French turned to Africa to supply them with raw materials and men to aid in WWI. - However, countless rebellions sparked when the British forced Africans to join their army. - Africans were going hungry, due to food shortages caused by the war. - British made these empty promises to make young Africans to join the war, such as killing white men and also how to handle bombs and guns. These promises provoked much unrest after the war. - Major strikes and riots broke out constantly after the war. - Protests increased due to the economic slump in the 1930s caused by the Great Depression. - There were emerging nationalist leaders between the 1920s and 1930s, such as **Marcus Garvey** and **W. E. B. Du Bois**. - Effort was pushed toward building **pan-African** organizations.These were run by African Americans and West Indians.These meetings provoked many anti-colonial sentiments among Western-educated Africans. - Division between French and British colonies in Africa. - The **negritude** literary movement fought the racial stereotypes that tied Africans to Europeans. Writers embraced their African heritage and the beauty of black skin and the African physique. Writers such as **Leopold Sedar Senghor**, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire took part in this movement. - There were great opportunities for western-educated Africans to build political associations within Africa. - In the 1930s, new, more radical leaders made more vigorous attacks on the policies of the British. They reached out to other Africans by means of newspapers. Main Idea: Due to the conditions after WWII, African societies pushed for nationalist movements to gain independence. Details: - The African economy took a great hit from World War II. Forced labor and confiscations of crops and minerals and inflation were able returning to the African economy. - Racial discrimination was present in African colonies. - Factories were established in the African colonies to produce vegetable oil, food, and minerals in western and south central Africa. - Increase in urban growth. - Kwame Nkrumah and his followers of the British Gold Coast colony launched the decolonization of Africa.Due to his education background, Nkrumah had connections with British and French West African nationalist leaders and civil rights leaders from America. - Western-educated Africans hesitated to build up organizations because they feared that they would lose major political concessions, such as seats on colonial legislative councils, which the British had just made. - Nkrumah established his own **Convention Peoples Party (CPP)**.Introduced a new style of politics which consisted of mass rallies, boycotts, and strikes. - The British soon recognized Nkrumah as the prime minister of an independent Ghana in 1957. - Between 1956 and 1960, French colonies moved closer and closer to nationhood. - by 1960 all of France's west African colonies were free. - The European colonial era had come to an end in all African colonies by the mid 1960s, except for the settler societies of Africa. Main Idea: Violent outbursts spurred in settler colonies such as Algeria and Kenya because Africans felt violence was the only way they would gain their independence. Details: - Areas such as Algeria, Kenya, and Southern Rhodesia were all settler colonies, where a plethora of Europeans planned to permanently reside. - Europeans tried their best to prevent any type of nationalist movements to occur. - They refused to turn political power over to the Africans and they didn't even think Africans deserved civil rights. Europeans refused to give up any of the lands they had occupied that would go towards any type of reform. - African leaders such as **Jomo Kenyatta**, too a more violent approach to reach their independence. - Kenyatta led the nationalist party the **Kenya African Union (KAU)** an underground organization consisting of a more radical group of leaders. - In the early 1950s, they formed the **Land Freedom Army**, but they later turned to a campaign of terror and guerrilla warfare against the European settlers and the Africans who were considered collaborators. - The British attempted to crush the guerrilla movement with military force. Settlers eventually imprisoned Kenyatta and the KAU organizers thus eliminating the nonviolent alternative to the guerrillas. - Despite the graphic end to the guerrilla war, the British were willing to negotiate with nationalists which angered the European settlers. - After Kenyatta was released from prison and became the spokesperson for the Africans of Kenya, Kenya won its independence in 1963. - The gain of Algerian independence was even more violent than that of Kenya. Algeria was a French colony. - There were more than a million Europeans settlers residing in Algeria. - In the mid 1950s, the **National Liberation Front (FLN),** the Arab and Berber population went on a full-scale revolt against the French rule and settlers. - Even though they were defeated in the field, they were able to negotiate their independence after de Gaulle came to power in 1958. - After 1960, the **Secret Army Organization (OAS)**, which was run by settlers attacked the Arabs, Berbers and the French who favored independence for the colony. - They were able to topple the government in Paris in 1958 putting an end to the Fourth Republic. They also were close in murdering de Gaulle and overthrowing the Fifth Republic. - Algeria was able to gain their independence in 1962. Main Idea: After WWII, white supremacy remained intact in the predominately white European colony. Details: - Only South Africa was able to keep their white minority to maintain their supremacy. - The presence of white people was far greater than any other settler colony. - Unlike the settlers in Kenya and Algeria, the settlers of South Africa could not flea to a European homeland, since they didn't have one. - Afrikaners built up the ideology of white racial supremacy. - Between 1930 and 1940 the **Afrikaner National Party** emerged.Their goal was to gain complete independence from Britain and to establish lasting white domination over the political, social, and economic life of the new nation. - A new system of racial segregation called **apartheid** was established by the Afrikaners after 1948. - The best jobs were left for the whites. Also, Africans could not vote, neither could coloreds nor Indians. - Hard for black Africans to gain higher education. Main Idea: After a large separation between Afrikaners and everyone else living in South Africa, they had made some progress in eliminating the aparthied system and even sporting a black president by 1994. Details: - Portugal held onto its African colonies until the mid 1970s. - Since the 1940s, Afrikaners dominated internal control of the country under the leadership of the Afrikaner National Party. - Apartheid was imposed to impose a system of extreme segregation on all races of South Africa in all aspects of their lives. - Creation of numerous **homelands** within South Africa, They were designed for tribal groups with a black African population. - Cheap labor was easily available to the white minority. - They had to build a police state and expend a large portion of the federal budget on a sophisticated and well-trained military establishment to keep segregation in order. - The **African National Congress** was made illegal and African leaders such as **Walter Sisulu** and **Nelson Mandela** were imprisoned.While other leaders, such as **Steve Biko**, were murdered. - An international boycott killed the South African economy. Also, the government spent a lot of money fighting with Namibia and Angola. - **F.W. de Klerk** tried to get ride of the apartheid system. - Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa. He was one of the most skillful and and respected leaders on the world scene as well as a moderating force in the potentially volatile South African arena.
 * Beginnings of the Liberation struggle in Africa **
 * The Liberation of Non settler Africa **
 * Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies **
 * The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa **
 * South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise **

but they were provoked by a killing spree of popular leaders. || Kwame Nkrumah || One of the highest GDP in Africa Freedom of Press Cultural Syncretism West + tradtional Ghana. || Violent wars, The Angolan War of Independence || Holden Alvaro Roberto || Leaders don't last very long guerilla war still require aid from other nations horrible life expectancy || to protect the natives from being Arab slaves. He was a very voilent ruler. Patrice Lumumba - Prime minister of Congo. Killed by CIA because he was a communist. || Undeveloped and social unrest corruption in elections. || parts of Algeria aganst military and civilian targets. || De Gaulle Abdelhamid Ben Badis || MIlitary Dictarship || violent anyway. || Jomo Kenyatta || The economy has increased significantly however there is still a lot of corruption in the government. The People want a new president, so there is fighting within the nation. || western key leadery who became president of madagascar after being recognized as an independent republic || Want to be connected to the West still. Students disagreed, they wanted out. Economic troubles high level of ethinic mixing ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Ghana || March 5, 1967 || Ruled by British || Nonviolent protests at first,
 * Angola || November 11,1957 || Portugual Colony || Nationalists groups
 * Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 || Belgian Colony || Violent movement || Leopold II - promised
 * Algeria || 1962 || French Colony || Violent, attacked in various
 * Guinea || October 2, 1958 || French Colony || Peaceful || Ahmned Sekou Toure || Yes ||
 * Kenya || December 12, 1963 || British || Tried peaceful, but ended up to be
 * Madagascar || June 26, 1960 || French Colony || Violent revolts, 11,000 causlties || Philibert Tsiranana - pro
 * South Africa ||

Zimbabwe April 18, 1980 / Ruled by British/ Violent movement / Canaan Banana/ A lot of corruption and fraud in government Robert Mugabe / and they are one of the poorest countries