Early+Modern+Period

A portrait of Christopher Columbus. He was an Italian navigator, who successfully sailed to the New World and returned in 1492. He initiated European discoveries in the Americas.

Notes on pages 342 - 347 The World Map Changes - Several new empires came into being, replacing smaller political units. - The Russian and Ottoman empires extended over both European and Asian territory, while the new Mughal Empire ruled the continent of India. - International trade focused on exchanges between Asia, Africa, and Europe. Maritime trade was expanding. Triggers for Change - Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Expanding Muslim power. - Islamic power was increasing. - New technological developments. - Bigger and stronger ships were developed. The Big Changes - New global economy -> international trade increased, including the Americas. - New biological exchanges of food, animals, and people -> food such as corn and potatoes from the Americas began to grow in places such as Asia. -> Europeans also spread disease to the Americas. -> horses were brought to the Americas -> These exchanges were called Columbian Exchanges. - New empires -> New empires developed in India, the Middle East, southeastern Europe, and Russia Continuity - Cultural stability - no changes in gender relations - no technological breakthroughs Impact on Daily Life: Work - indians in the americas died from diseases brought like smallpox and measles. - silver was now being used for currency in China, but it failed, and the Chinese fell into deep poverty. - demand in harder work - child labor increased in many areas - race- based slavery in the americas

In Depth: Causation and the West's Expansion If I had to chose a single determinism as basic to social change, I would pick technology. Technology allowed for expansion into the Americas and the advancements in ship building helped with international maritime trade with Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

1. The World Economy 2. Europe 3. The Rise of Russia 4. Spain and Latin American Colonies 5. Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade 6. The Muslim Empires 7. Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

- Took part in the Seven Years war against India, for North American colonies and colonies in India. - Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Seven Years War in 1763. - Italian Renaissance - Thirty Years War in 1618 between the Holy Roman Empire and German Protestants and their allies. - Scientific Revolution - Enlightenment - Glorious Revolution || - Europeans developed the Columbian Exchange that was able to spread imports, exports, and most of all diseases, that unfortunately were able to wipe out most of the indeginous people in the Americas. || - Europeans centered their expansion around hopes of spreading Christianity and convertin more people. || Portuguese settlers. - Portuguese established the colony of Brazil in South America, it was the first plantation colony. || - Portuguese was able to create an extensive trade with their colonies, especially Brazil, due to the sugar plantations and the gold mines. Portugal was becoming overly dependent on their colonies economy, rather than on their own. - Spanish developed colonies in the Carribbean and like the Portuguese, established sugar plantations. - The Spanish and Portuguese were starting to become reliant on man power, therefore there was a demand for slaves. || - Spanish and the Portuguese remained dominant over the colonies in the Americas. || Americas. || - Established colonies under British rule, they developed sugar plantations and also became involved with the triangular trade. || - Still remained apart of Britain. || Poland in the partition of Poland, which eliminated Poland as an independent state. - Peter the Great and Catherine the Great attempted at westernization. || - Russians developed a whole new culture that incorporated ideas of the west, with that of their own. - Developed distinct social classes, espeicially the serfs. || - Ideology of westernization, they wanted their culture, economic, and political values. || Ottoman Empire. - There were divisions within the Islamic religion. || - Development of beautifully constructed mosques with great class and wealthiness. || - Islam still dominated the cultural aspect of the Ottoman Empire, but there was a split. || political and cultural forces in south Asian history. - Mughal empire conquered the northern part of India. || - Development of the Mughal empire - Taj Mahal was a mosque built under the rein of Akbar. - Women's rights were increased due to Akbar. || - Push for Islamization amongst its subjects. || - Examination system was made more strict than it had ever been before under the reign of Hongwu. - Hongwu abolished the position of cheif minister, which had been the primary link between the ministries of the central government. - European traders invaded the Asian trading network. || - Major rise in population, more than all of Europe. - Developed a larger empire. || - Education still remained a vital part to their culture and society. || darn come through their ports. - Europeans tried to convert the Buddhists to Catholicism. - The school of National Learning || - Developed harsh relationships with the Europeans. || - Remained independent and re-framed from any change in their culture. ||
 * Region || Major Events || Major Developments || Major Continuities ||
 * Western Europe || - Columbus sailed in 1492 to the Ameircas.
 * Central/South Americas || - Conquered by Spanish conquistadors and by
 * North America || - Settlers from Europe migrated over to the
 * Russia || - Russia was able to obtain the majority of
 * Middle East || - Islam was spreading throughout the entire
 * India || - Islam reached its peak of its influence as a
 * China || - Ming dynasty (1368 - 1644)
 * Japan || - Threatened the lives of Europeans traders who

along the coast of Africa. - The Portuguese and the Dutch began to conquer further into the interior of Africa, not just the coastlines, because they needed more slaves. || - There was the development of the African slave trade, where hundreds of thousands of slaves were captured and forced into slaver over in the American colonies, although some were sent to the Middle East. - Developed the triangular trade, slaves were carried to the Americas; sugar, tobacco, and other goods were carried to Europe; and European products were sent to the coast of Africa. - Development of large African states such as Asante and Dahomey. || - Stateless societies still dominated the interior of Africa. ||
 * Africa || - The Portuguese developed several factories

Key Terms that you need to know · Italian Renaissance - Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in ITaly c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities. · Humanism - a focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and aristitic endeavor. Religion principles were no longer dominant. · Northern Renaissance - Cultrual and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c.1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance. · European Style Family - pattern invovled a late marriage age and a primary emphasis on nuclear families of parents and children rather than the extended familes characteristic of most agricultural civilizations. · Protestantism - A general wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief. · Jesuits - A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia. · Edict of Nantes - Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions. · Thirty Years War - War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. · Treaty of Westphalia - Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion either Protestant or Catholic. · Proletariat - Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes 16th and 17th centuries. · Scientific Revolution - · Absolutism - Concept of government developed druing rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. · Enlightenment - Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. · Boyars - Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe. · Cossacks - Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. · Time of Troubles (Russia) · Romanov Dynasty · Peter the Great - (Peter I) was the son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Catherine the Great - German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. · Obrok · Pugachev Rebellion · Serfdom <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Encomiendas - Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Hispaniola - First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. · Mita <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Columbian Exchange - Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred. · Treaty of Tordesillas · Recopilacion <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Council of the Indies - Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies. · Sociedad de castas <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Peninsulares - People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Creoles - Withes born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Factories - European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· El Mina - Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa. · Royal African Company <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Indies Piece - Term used within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave. · Triangular Trade <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Asante -Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Benin - A powerful city-state which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Dahomey - Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from the coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African Slaves. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Great Trek - Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. · Mfecene · Middle Passage · Diaspora - <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Ottomans - Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab World. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Janissaries - ottoman infantry divisions that dominate Ottoman armies' forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after the 15th century. · Vizier · Safavid · Mughals · Sati <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Asian sea trading network - Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones' Arab zone based on glass carpets and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; China based on paper, porcelain, and silks. · Zhenghe · Tokugawa Japan · School of National Learning (Japan) · Mercantilism

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Main Idea: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Western Europe was motivated to expand their empire, in hopes of wealth and religious expansion. They also develped a large trading network with the Americas, contributed to their foreign trade. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Central/ South America was taken over by the Portuguese and Spanish conquistadors. With their presence, the natives were forced to work in the gold mines and sugar plantations, if they didn't first die from the deadly diseases they carried with them. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- North America was divided into serveral British colonies that also established plantations in the southern colonies. They became involved with the triangular trade. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Russia, while under monarchy, strived to develop similar cultural techniques as the west, under the reign of both Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- The Ottoman's were a deadly force and expanded throughout the Middle East. They were strictly Islamic, but within their religion were divisions that caused great tensions. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- During the reign of the Mughal empire, Islam reached its height of influence in political and cultural in India. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- China accpeted the European presence in their trading networks. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Japanese were angered by the presence of Europeans in their homeland because of the missionaries trying to convert them to Catholicism.