The+Muslim+Empires

The Mughals ESPIRIT Chart

· Indian textiles were a major aspect of their economy. Mughals had no interest in European products. Cloth was a major trading product of the Mughal Empire. Military conflict drained their treasury.
 * E || · Mughal Empire became one of the major overseas destinations for European traders.

Main Idea: Mughals developed an economy centered around textiles, but military was taking a hit in the wallet. || · Akbar encouraged widows to remarry and discouraged child marriages. · He made sate (the buring of high-caste Hindu women on their husbands’ funeral pyres) illegal. · Muslim women rarely left the comforts of their homes. Akbar carried out social reforms. iimpproved living quarters for vagabounds. Elite women gained power in politcs but women's role in rest of society declined.
 * S || · The Muslim and Hindu warrior aristocrats who were the main supporters of the Mughal dynasty were awarded with peasant villages for their support. In return, they had to maintain a specified number of cavalry and to be on call if the emperor needed their service.

Main Idea: The social conditions for upper class women increased in politcs, while middle and lower class women's statuses declined. || · At the age of 48, Babur’s son, **Humayan**, inherited the newly founded kingdom. By 1540, he was forced to flee to Persia. · When Humayan died from falling down a flight of stairs, his son, **Akbar**, only 13 at the time, took charge. Akbar proved to be one of the greatest leaders in history. · Jahangir’s wife, Nur Jahan, she kept gaining power because her husband was too involved with win and drugs. · Shah Jahan’s consort, Mumtaz Mahal, also did the same. But Shah Jahan was a better ruler than Jahangir. So, Mumtaz’s oppurtunities to seize power were limited. Main Idea: || · At first, Babur was determined on conquering his home land, Asia, but after several defeats he turned to battling northern India as last resort. · By 1560, Akbar’s armies had already extended into north and central Asia. || · Jahangir and Shah Jahan are best remembered as two of the greatest patrons of the fine arts in human history, they built astonishing buildings, and one of the most famous is the **Taj Mahal**, which has been the symbol for India. · They started building structures with white marble, including pools. ||
 * P || · **Babur** was the founder of the Mughal dynasty, the name was not derived from the Mongols, despite Babur’s relations.
 * I || · Babur was motivated to gain back his lost kingdom, Ferghana, by receiving “booty” from his raids in north India.
 * R || · Akbar invented a new religion called, the **Din-i-Ilahi**, in hopes of uniting his Hindu and Muslim subjects. It failed. ||
 * I || · Akbar hoped to make the calendar superior than it was before; he also wished to stimulate the intake of alcohol.
 * T || · No technological advances. ||

Ottoman Empire ESPIRIT Chart

· Ottoman bazaars, which were vibrant with different spices, ivory, and even slaves. || · Ottoman rulers were absolute monarchs. · The monarchs of the empire grew more and more distant from their subjects as their empire grew in size and wealth. · Administrations were issued out by the head of the bureaucracy called the **vizier**. || · The Ottoman armies were made up of **Janissaries**, who were boys who were from the conquered areas such as the Balkans. Some parents voluntarily handed their sons over. · The Janissaries were in some way, legal slaves, but they were given a good education and converted to Islam. || · Coffeehouses were a great cultural center for poets and scholars, where they could read their work aloud. · The early Ottomans wrote in Persian. Arabic remained the standard language for religion and laws. But eventually Turkish had become the preferred language of the Ottoman bureaucracy. || ESPIRIT Chart on the Safavids
 * E || · Capital at Constantinople
 * S || · Artisans were organized into guilds, and guild officers set standards for them to follow. ||
 * P || · By the late 15th century, the Janissaries were well involved in court politics. Then by the mid-16th century, they could decide which of the sons would mount the throne.
 * I || · **Mehmed II**, “The Conqueror,” attacked the capital Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.
 * R || · Mehmed II had the cathedral of Saint Sophia converted into one of the greatest Islamic mosques. Another great mosques was the Suleymaniye mosque built by Suleyman I. ||
 * I || · Sultans and powerful administrators built mansions, rest houses, schools, and hospitals throughout their cities. Opened gardens, which Ottoman writers compared to paradise.
 * T || · Aqueducts were built from the surrounding hills to supply the growing population with water. ||


 * E || Main Idea: Abbas I set up his empire as a major center of international trade and Islamic culture.

- Established a network or roads and rest houses. - Abbas I strove to make merchant travels as safe as possible. - Workshops were built to manufacture the silk textiles and splendid Persian carpets that were in high demand. - Abbas I encouraged maritime trade with Europe. - Established a capital at **Isfahan**. ||
 * S || Main Idea: Other than the shah, warrior aristocracies controlled most of the power of the Safavid era. Peasants and women lived under harsh conditions. Peasants worked under the aristocrats (similar to serfdom) and women had limited rights and were subordinate to their fathers and husbands.

- Followers of the Safavids were referred to as **Red Heads**, due to their protective head gear. - Similar to the Ottomans, nobles were assigned villages, whose peasants were required to supply them and their troops with food and labor. However, they always posed a great threat to the monarchs. - Tahmasp I, captured many young men and forced them into the army, similar to slaves. But like the Ottoman's, they could eventually gain power. - **Abbas the Great**, successfully made the youths he captured converts to Islam and supplied them with an education. - Abbas had eventually built up an army of almost 40,000 troops, but despite such a strong army, they didn't last long. - Turkish became the set language of the court and bureaucracy. - The Safavids usually took titles such as //padishah//, or king of kings. - Servants were abundant in the palace of emperor. - Shahs claimed direct descent from one of the Shi'a **imams**, or successor of Ali. - Women faced social and legal disadvantages. Women were subordinate to their fathers and husbands. They didn't have much political or religious power. - However, women have shown to incluence behind the trone and were deeply involved in palace conspiracies. - Many ordinary women were active in trade and some money-lending. ||
 * P || Main Idea: The Safavid went through a great deal of shahs, but the most successful shah was Abbas I, due to his success and strengthening the Safavid empire.

- Sufi, **Sail al-Din**, gave the empire its name. He also began a militant campaign to revamp Islam and spread Muslim teachings among the Turkic of the surrounding areas. - Isma'il proclaimed the title of shah (or emperor), after he led a series of victorious battles, especially in the city of Tabriz. - After the devastating loss at Chaldiran, the Safavids fell into years of turmoil, but in 1534 Tahmasp I won the throne and hoped to restore the dynasty. He kept driving the Ozbegs out of the Safavid domains. - Shah Abbas I brought the empire to the peak of its strength and prosperity, however, there wasn't much expansion. - After the death of Abbas I, several of his closest advisers put his weak grandson on throne after him because he was easily manipulated. ||
 * I || Main Idea: After the battle at Chaldiran, there wasn't much expansion of the empire, but for a while, they were successful in keeping the Ozbegs and Afgani tribes out, but the Afghani tribes weakened the empire.

- Most of Isma'il's followers conquered Perisa, driving away the long time rivals, Ozbegs, back to central Asian steppes, enabling them to advance into Iraq. - There was a major battle at **Chaldiran** in Persia that involved the Ottomans. It was a clash between the Sunni and Shi'a variants of Islam. - Isma'il's cavalry was no match for the well-equipped Ottomans. Thus putting an end to Isma'il's aspirations a westward expansion. - By 1722, Isfahan was besieged by Afghani tribes. - But Nadir Khan Afshar was victorious and claimed the title of shah in 1736. But his dynasty and the dynasties soon to come were short lived. ||
 * R || Main Idea: The Safavids were followers of the Shi'a variant of Islam, they were big promoters on converting their entire population to Shi'ism.

- The Safavids were supporters of the Shi'a version of Islam.They believed that only the fourth successor of Muhammed had the right to succeed him. - Mullahs were local mosque officials whose duty was to convert all of the population to Shi'ism. - The government directed teachings in mosque schools. - Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and the followers of Sufi preachers were pressured to convert to Shi'ism. - Shi'ism celebrate several festivals, one including commemorating the martyrdom of Husayn (a son of Ali). - ||
 * I || Main Idea: Abbas I was devoted to creating magnificent buildings, especially his mosques, at this capital in Isfahan.

- Abbas I founded several colleges at his capital. - He also established several mosques, government offices, and soaring arches that opened onto formal gardens. - Abbas I constructed pubic baths and rest houses. - The mosques that he built at Isfahan were the most glorious of his reign. They incorporated geometric designs, domes, ceramic tiles, royal tombs, floral patterns, and verses from the Qur'an written in stylized Arabic added movement and texture to the dep blue tiles. ||
 * T || Main Idea: Unlike earlier armies, Safavid armies were well trained and well equipped with deadly weapons.

- During the battle at Chaldiran, there were the use of muskets, field cannons, and artillery. - The Sherley brothers from England were able to educate the Persian armies on how to use certain technologies and weapons. ||