Vacation

**Russia**
**1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points)**

- revolutions spurred furiously after 1945. - revolutions occurred after the Industrial Revolution and after the west conquered the global market. - peasants lost their jobs and land due to new machines and regional lords. - college graduates frim Africa and Asia were angered that they could not recieve decent jobs. - urban laborers in China and Russia were upset by their working/ living conditions, which sparked many important revolutionary parties. - world wars were also to blame for stirring revolutions. - the intellectual climate was also responsible. communistic ideals were spreading rapidly from Marx, Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Ho Chi. theywanted to raise living / working conditions for the peasantry, the working classes, and the urban poor. - Mexico, China, and Russia all wanted to get rid of the West's control over world commerce and diminish their cultural influences. Questions: //What internal and external forces weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed the forces of revolution?// Workers were unhappy with the working conditions of their jobs, and they both wanted the Western influence out of their nations. //What key social groups were behind the revolutions in Mexico, China, and Russia and why were they so important in each case?// Key socials groups included peasantry, the working class, and the urban poor. They were so important because they made up the majority of the population in each of these nations. //What similarities and differenes can you identify among these early revolutions in the 20th century?// Similarities: - working conditions and low wages effected the early revolutions. - social unrest. - wanted to be free of western influences. Differences: - Communistic ideals were present in Russia and China.

**2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points)**


 * Revolution in Russia p681-685
 * Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703
 * Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759
 * Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847

**Revolution in Russia p681 - 685** Main Idea: When the communist party toppled the liberal government, there was much opposition from within the nation and from foreign nations. Details: - Food shortages were a result of riots that broke out in Russia's capital, St. Petersburg. - The rioters wanted new working conditions and a new political system. - After the tsar abdicated, the liberal provisional government tried to rule the country, lasting only 8 months. - **Alexander Kerensky** was a Russian revolutionary leader who was eager to see genuine parliamentary rule, religious freedom, and a change in politics. - Liberal leaders did not take part in land reforms expected by the peasantry because they did not want to disturb the social classes before a new political system was put into place. - In November, a second revolution took place which expelled liberal leadership and soon brought to power the radical Bolshevik wing of the Social Democratic party, later renamed the Communist party with Lenin as their dynamic chief. - The communists were faced with a series of problems when they took power, one being the war. They resolved that issue by signing a peace treaty with Germany and giving up huge sections of western Russia in return for an end of hostilities. It was soon nullified by the German defeat. - They former territory they signed over was turned into nation-states. - Another problem they faced was the emergence of another revolutionary party called, the Council of People's Commissars. - Lenin shut down the parliament and replaced it with a Bolshevik-dominated Congress of Soviets. - The world's leading nations were appalled by the communist success which threatened principles of property and freedom they deeply cherished. - As a result, France, Britain, the United States, and Japan all sent troops to Russia, but this didn't do much damage. - The Western powers and Japan pulled out relatively soon from Russia. - Civil raged from 1918 to 1921. Tsarist generals, religious peasants, and many minority nationalities teamed up against the communist regime. - The revolt only caused more problems with Russia, now they faced economic hardship, working class revolts, and the redistribution of land. Main Idea: Lenin and his Communist government regime were slowly restoring Russia as a powerful nation. Details: - Under the leadership of Leon Trotsky, the powerful **Red Army** was constructed. - Lenin reduced the economic disarray in 1921 with his **New Economic Policy**, which promised considerable freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners. - Under Lenin's policy, food production began to recover and the regime gained time time to prepare the more durable structures of the communist system. - New capital: Moscow - The new system, which was called the **Union of Soviet Socialist Republics**, recognized the multinational character of the nation. - The **Supreme Soviet** had many of the characteristics of a parliament and was elected by universal suffrage. - Established a constitution in the 1930s which spoke about human rights. - The communist party also established an authoritarian system better than its tsarist predecessors. **Soviet Experimentation** Main Idea: When Stalin took over for Lenin in 1924, he worked at establishing a collectivization program. Details: - New social order: women gained equality, new education and work oppurtunities, and workers were able to influence their management practices. - Government promoted education, which led to a high literacy rate. - Education was aimed at putting focus on communist political analysis and science, and gearing away popular culture from peasant traditions and religion most importantly. - When Lenin died in 1924, there was a lot of debate from a number of key lieutenants who all wanted power, including Trotsky who had taken the name **Stalin**, which meant steel. - Joseph Stalin emerged as undisputed leader of the Soviet state. - Revolutionary leaders encouraged communist parties to set up in the West and to help guide this process, set up a **Comintern**, or Communist International office. - However, Stalin pulled back because he wanted to build "socialism in one country." - Established a **collectivization** program, which established large, state-run farms which enabled better control over the peasants, though it lowered the food production rate. - The Russian revolution was one of the most successful human risings in human history.
 * Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism **
 * Stabilization of Russia's Communist Regime **

**Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703** **Stalinism in the Soviet Union** Main Idea: Stalin was extremely focused on the success of his own nation, rather than focusing on outside issues. Details: - Soviet leaders made much of the nation's ongoing industrial growth. - Stalin was devoted to making the Soviet Union a fully industrial society and to do so under full control of the state instead of individual ownership of producing property. - Stalin wanted modernization. Main Idea: When the agricultural aspect of the economy failed, the Soviets turned towards industrialization. Details: - Communist parties pressed peasants to join in collectives. - These collectives also offered a chance to mechanize agriculture by using equipment like tractors and harvesters. - Taxes were placed on the peasants in order to provide money for industrialization. - Some peasants welcome collectivization, but most kulaks hated the idea of collectivization and destroyed the livestock and other property rather than cooperating. - In response, many kulaks were sent to Siberia in the 1930s. - Eventually production began to increase again. - Collectivization was not a complete success, because the peasants that participated were still unmotivated. As a result, agriculture was still a major weakness in the Soviet economy that required a higher precentage of the labor force than was common under industrialization. - Massive flow in the 1920s and 1930s into the cities, which allowed industrialization to shift into high gear. - Stalin created a system of five-year plans under the state planning commission began to set clear priorities for industrial development. - Government established factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power. - Stalin relied on centralized resource allocation to distribute equipment and supplies. - Soviet output of machinery and metal products grew 14-fold. Main Idea: The industrialization of Russia almost paralleled to that of the West's. Details: - Industrialization in Russia was similar to that of the West, overcrowding in cities, factory discipline was strict, incentive procedures were introduced, and capable workers received bonuses and public awards. - Communists quickly established a network of welfare services. - Strikes were outlawed and the trade union movement was controlled by the Communist party. **Totalitarian Rule** Main Idea: The Soviet Union tried to side with the West to go against Hitler, however, the West grew suspicious of the Soviets and then they were forced to sign an agreement with Hitler. Details: - Stalin placed restrictions on intellectual life. - Stalin viewed western culture as dangerous. - Socialist realism was the dominant school, emphasizing heroic idealizations of workers, soldiers, and peasants. - Science was also controlled by Stalin. He believed that evolutionary biology was wrong because it contradicted Marxism, ruining many scientists. - Executive committee called **Politburo** spread an atmosphere of terror. - Nation did not have a strong ability to respond to the rising threat of Hitler. - The Soviet Union participated in the Spanish Civil War in 1936-1937 in hopes to participate in a common response to German and Italian intervention. - They signed a historic agreement with Hitler in 1939 which enabled Soviet troops to attack eastern Poland and Finland in an effort to regain lost territories.
 * Economic Policies **
 * Toward an Industrial Society **

**Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759** **Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire** **The Soviet Union as Superpower** Main Idea: The Soviet Union was now a new world super power. Details: - Since Germany's two invasions, it sparked the desire to set up buffer zones under Soviet control. - Soviet Union emerged as a new world power, due to their heavy concentration on industry and weapon development, alliances, and links to communist movements in various parts of the world. - The Soviets established communist regimes in North Korea to counteract the U.S. protectorate in South Korea. - Established alliances with communist Vietnam and in the Middle East, Africa, and even parts of Latin America; alliance with the new communist regime in Cuba was a key step during the 1960s. - Developed atomic and hydrogen bombs. They matched the expansion of the U.S. arsenals. **The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe** Main Idea: The Soviets were a large presence in Eastern Europe, controlling many of the states that Germany had once controlled, however they spread their communistic ideals through force. Details: - By 1945, the Soviet Union was able to push back the Germans and recreate the map. - Opposition parties were crushed and non-communist regimes were forced out in 1948. - The Soviet power attacked the Roman Catholic church. - Development of mass education and propaganda. Spread collectivization, which helped end the large estate system. They pushed industrialization five year plans. Also established a new trading zone. - Tensions arose from the Soviet conquest. - The Soviets built the **Berlin Wall** in 1961 to stop the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin.This was guarded by armed patrols and barbed-wire fences. - Liberal leaders arose from Hungary and Poland, with massive popular backing, seeking to create communist states that would allow more freedom and diversity from the Soviet Union. - Soviets accepted a new leader in Poland that was well-liked by the Polish. Poland was allowed to halt agriculture collectivization, establishing widespread peasant ownership in its place. The Catholic Church gained more tolerance. - However, Hungary was not as fortunate, because the new regime was crushed by the Soviet army and a hard-line Stalinist leadership set up in its place. - Soviets eventually lightened control over eastern Europe. Eastern Europe governments were now allowed a freer hand in economic policy and were allowed limited room to experiment with greater cultural freedom. The communist political system remained in full force. - A more liberal regime came to power in Czechoslovakia, which resulted in the Soviet army to expel the reformers and set up a particularly rigid leader. - Poland challenged the Soviets again in the late 1970s in the form of widespread Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement called **Solidarity**, all against the backdrop of a stagnant economy and low morale. - The Polish army was able to take over the state under careful Soviet supervision. - Russian was the first foreign language formed. - The Soviets retained a large military presence deep in Europe, which reduced very real anxiety about yet another German threat. **Evolution of Domestic Policies** Main Idea: Stalin wanted to keep the Soviet Union from interacting with any other nations in fear of losing their loyalty. Details: - Stalinist system remained intact during the initial postwar years in the Soviet Union. - News media blasted the United States as an evil power and a distorted society during the cold war. - Stalin wanted to shield the Soviets populations from too much contact with foreigners or foreign ideas. - The Soviet Union remained relatively isolated in the mid-20th century. - Opportunities were available to rise from low social classes to higher ones. **Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs an Institutions** Main Idea: The Soviet state had very strict standards as to exactly what they wanted their culture to be, which excluded, Western culture, the Orthodox and Jewish Churches, and traditional culture. Details: - The regime declared war in 1917 against the Orthodox church and other religions. It did not completely abolish the Orthodox church, it just left it extremely limited. - Education was used to influence citizens to be loyal to the government. - Celebrated their loyalty through May Day parades which stimulated the citizen's devotion to communism. - The Orthodox church was restricted from preaching to anyone under the age of 18 and the state schools informed their children that this religion was a mere superstition. - A large elderly minority remained faithful to the church. - The Soviets did not only target the Orthodox church, but also the Jews. They often held up Jews as enemies of the state. - Muslims were not restricted as drastically as the Orthodox church and the Jews, but they had to remain loyal to the regime. - The Soviet state attacked modern Western styles of art, but maintained some earlier styles that were appropriated as Russian. - Literature was a huge part of their culture, it remained diverse and creative. Some writers wrote about World War II. - **Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn** was banished to the U.S. after he wrote books on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago. He wanted to find an alternative to communism and westernization. - Other than the arts, the Soviet state placed a great amount of emphasis on science and social science. Scientists made many fundamental discoveries in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. - Biologists and psychiatrists were urged to reject Western theories that called human rationality and social progress into question. - The soviet culture proved to be neither traditional nor Western. Main Idea: Even though the regime wanted to avoid western influences, they were starting to resemble each other. Like the West, they were now heavily industrialized and leisure activities were similar. Details: - The Soviet state became a fully industrial society between the 1920s and the 1950s. - The Soviet Union did not place high priorities on automobiles, housing construction, and simple items, such as bathtub plugs. Consumer-goods were poorly funded. - Industrialization in the Soviet Union was damaging the environment and people's health. - Problems with agriculture were not solved. Money that was originally supposed to go to agriculture was spent on heavy industry. - The pace of work increased and supervision was introduced. - Sports and vacations also became popular leisure activities. - Their social structure began to resemble that of the West's. There was a division between the workers and the better-educated, managerial middle class. - Birth Rates decreased. - Children were more disciplined in the Soviet state than in the West, both at home and in school. - Women acquired jobs and they sometimes performed heavy physical tasks. They dominated some professions, such as medicine. **De-Stalinization** Main Idea: When Khrushchev took power in 1956, the Soviet Union continued to prosper with all his major changes until the 1980s, when the economy began to deteriorate. Details: - After Stalin's death, one would think that controversy on who would take charge would stir great problems, but the system managed to hold together, by dividing power between the army, the police, and the party apparatus. - **Nikita Khrushchev** emerged as the primary leader in 1956. He did not plan to take the same course as Stalin had, in fact, he looked down upon the concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship. - Little institutional reform occurred; political trials became less common, and police repression eased. People were now less likely to be executed, banished to the West, or placed under house arrest. - Khrushchev opened up Siberian land to cultivate, but this failed and proved to be costly. He also antogonized Stalinist loyalists, which both led to his downfall. - The Soviet Union remained stable into the 1980s, their economy was rising steadily and changes in leadership were handled smoothly. - Khrushchev produced one of the most intense moments in the cold war with the U.S., when he planted missiles in Cuba. - Khrushchev had high hopes of beating out the West economically and expanded the Soviet space program; Sputnik, the first space satellite, which was sent up in 1957, way before the U.S had.This surprise and threatened the U.S and western Europe. - The Soviet leadership continued a steady military buildup, by creating rocketry and launching successful space programs. - From the 1950s onward, the Soviet Union experienced a growing rift with China, that was also a communist nation along its border. - Muslim awareness grew in the 1970s, upsetting the the Soviet Union, because they had their own large Muslim minority. - They invaded Afghanistan in 1979, hoping to promote a friendly puppet regime. The Soviet Union never directly participated in war, although they were always prepared. - Lack of motivation and discipline among workers in the Soviet Union. - Rise in the death rate due to the high rates of alcoholism, killing mostly adult males. - Even though many observers believed that the Soviet Union was stable, the economic conditions were deteriorating rapidly, and the whole Soviet system would soon come unglued.
 * Economy and Society **

**Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847** **The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s** Main Idea: The deteriorating economy was effecting industrialization and creating health problems for the Soviet citizens. Details: - From 1985 onward, the Soviet Union entered a period of intensive reform, which occurred due to the deteriorating Soviet economic performance. - The forced industrialization caused environmental pollution throughout eastern Europe. - By the late 1980s, about half of the agricultural land was endangered, 20% of citizens lived in regions of ecological disaster. - Industrial production decreased because of health problems, rigid central planning, and poor worker morale. **The Age of Reform** Main Idea: With Gorbachev in power, the Soviet Union was able to rise and prosper during his reforms, some of which included, decreasing Soviet isolation. Details: - **Mikhail Gorbachev** was brought to power in 1985, he quickly brought back some of the earlier attacks on Stalinist rigidity and replaced some of the old-line party bureaucrats. - He dressed in Western style clothing, held open press conferences, and allowed the Soviet media to engage in active debate and report on problems as well as successes. - He ended the war in Afghanistan, negotiated a new agreement with the US that limited medium-range missiles in Europe, and altered their stance in the cold war. - He started a policy of **glasnost**, which allowed people to comment and criticize. - People questioned whether Gorbachev could balance reform and stability. - Gorbachev reduced Soviet isolation and criticized aspects of Western political and social structure. - He wanted to open the Soviet Union to the world economy, recognizing that isolation in a separate empire had restricted access to new technology and limited motivation to change. - Economic changes, such as opening McDonald's restaurant in Moscow. - The key part of his reform was **perestroika**, or economic restructuring. - Farmers could now lease land for 50 years, wirht rights of inheritance, and industrial concerns were authorized to buy from either private or state operations. - He urged the reduction of drinking. - Encouraged a new constitution in 1988, giving a good deal of power to a new parliament, the Congress of People's Deputies, and abolishing the Communist monopoly on elections. - Gorbachev was elected to presidency of the Soviet Union in 1990. - Baltic nationalists wanted full independence. - He wanted women to stay in the house and not have to work, because it created too much of a burden for them. **Dismantling the Soviet Empire** Main Idea: The Soviet Union was rapidly losing its powers in Eastern Europe as the nations were installing new noncommunist governments. Details: - Gorbachev wanted better relations with Western powers. - Soviets held back Bulgaria's move for economic liberalization in1987. - Hungary changed leadership in 1988, and elected a noncommunist president. - The Communist party renamed itself Socialist. - Poland installed a noncommunist government in 1988 and began to dismantle the state run economy. - East Germany also got rid of the communist government in 1989 and moved towards unification with West Germany.Therefore, the Berlin Wall was taken down and in 1990, noncommunists won a free election. - Germany unified in 1991. - Czechoslovakia installed a new government in 1989. - Most of these were nonviolent, except in Romania. - There were clashes among nationalities. - Like the Soviet Union, all the eastern European states suffered from sluggish production, massive pollution, and economic problems that might well lead to new political discontent. **Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s** Main Idea: More problems began to arise with Gorbachev in power, and Boris Yeltsin took over and ended the Soviet Union. Details: - Gorbachev's presidency and democratic decentralization were both threatened in the summer of 1991. - Gorbachev's authority weakened in the aftermath of the attempted coup. - The massive Russian republic became stronger. - Three Baltic states used this as an opportunity to gain independence. - **Boris Yeltsin**, leader of the major republics, proclaimed the end of the Soviet Union. - Gorbachev fell from power, and his leadership role was taken over by Boris Yeltsin. - By the late 1990s, the leadershiop of Boris Yeltsin diminished as the economy performed badly and Yeltsin's health worsened. - In 1999, a new president Vladimir Putin vowed to clean up corruption and install more effective government controls over separate provinces.

**Leadership Analysis on Nikita Khrushchev**

**Thesis Statements** 1.) Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present From 1914 to the present, the Russian's have always had a strong bureaucratic class, however, Russia experienced a shift from harsh dictatorship to a republic. From 1914 to the present, the Russian poltical system harboured a strong bureaucracy and enforced poltical reforms, however, Russia emerged as a liberal democracy after Boris Yeltsin proclaimed the end of the Soviet Union regime in 1991. 2.) Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present During 1914 to the present, the Russian society experienced a full transition over to industrialization in the 1920s, however, they continued to rid of all western influences and women were equal to their male counterparts.

==

**5. Take outline notes on China from 1912-Present (20 points)**
 * China**==
 * Toward Revolution in China 685-689
 * Mao’s China and Beyond 823-830

**685 - 689** **Toward Revolution in China** Main Idea: When the Qing dynasty ended, their were man different nations, societies, warlords, and military officials looking for mastery of China. Details: - After the fall of the Qing dynasty, there was much debate of who would now take over the mandate, ranging from regional warlords, the loose alliance of students, middle-cllass politicians, secret societies, Japanese intruders, and communist movements. - Mao Zedong won over control of the Chinese Communist party. - **Yuan Shikai** hoped to seize the Manchu throne and found a new dynasty. - Secret societies wanted to bring back the monarchical rule under a Chinese dynasty. - Western influences were eager to take profit from China. - Japanese were another factor in the long and bloody contest for mastery of China. **China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative** Main Idea: China reinvented their own ideology of Marxism under Li Dazhao, but a rival group arose: the Communist Party. Details: - Sun Yat-sen claimed that after the fall of the Qing dynasty that he and the parties were to take over the mandate to rule all of China. - The Revolutionary Alliance elected him president in 1911, but he stood no chance against the warlord-dominated China. - **Yuan Shikai** had the best shot to unify China under one government. - By 1915 it appeared the Yuan was going to be the next emperor of China, but his plans were foiled by Sun and the growing influence of Japan. - Yuan was forced to resign in 1916 when Japan present China with Twenty One demands but he neither accepted nor rejected. Thus created a free-for-all for power among the regional warlords. - Japan soon won control over China, but China also sided with Japan on the Entente powers in World War I. Therefore, students and nationalist politicans organized mass demonstrations in numerous Chinese cities on May 4, 1919. The demonstrations began a protest against Japanese inroads, which expanded to marches, petitions, strikes, and mass boycotts of Japanese goods. - This movement, **the May Fourth movement**, which started on the fourth of May, was aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy. - Confucianism was now being ridiculed and rejected. - Western thinkers toured China praising democracy. There was a liberation of women (which included the abolition of foot binding). - There was a simplification in Chinese script to promote mass literacy and the promotion of Western-style individualism. - Liberal democracies were not enough to solve the Chinese problems. - In the 1920s the communist party rose. - The Chinese intellectuals were impressed with the works of Marx, Lenin, Engels, and Trotsky in the Russian Revolution. - **Li Dazhao** was the most influential of the thinkers who called for a reworking of Marxist ideology to fit China's situation. - Li saw peasants as the vanguard of revolutionary change. - He argued that all of China had been exploited by the West. - **Mao Zedong** soon joined Li's study circle on Li's interpretation of Marxism that worked for China. - They believed in an authoritatrian state, which they felt ought to intervene constructively in all aspects of the peoples' lives. - The Communist Party of China was born at a meeting of leaders from different parts of China in the city of Shanghai. **The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang** Main Idea: The Nationalist party, the Guomindang, attempted to seize power of China by siding with the communist party. Details: - The Nationalist party of China, the **Guomindang**, was struggling to gain the mandate to rule in China. - Sun reorganized the revolutionary movement and named it the Nationalist party of China. - The nationalist ideology stressed the need to unify China under one central government, to bring imperialist intruders under control, and to start social reforms that would aid with the poverty and horrible working conditions of the working class. - However, the ideology failed to address the land reform issue. - The Guomindang joined forces with the communist party. - **Chiang Kai-shek** was a young military officer in charge of the **Whampoa Military Academy**, which was founded in 1924. The academy gave the Nationalist a critical military dimension to their politcal maneuvering. - 90% of the population was the peasantry.

**823 - 830** **Mao's China and Beyond** Main Idea: The Communists were able to gain control of China with the help of the Japanese and the poorly treated and trained soldiers of the Nationalist party. Details: - Chiang's anticommunist crusade was interuppted by the Japanese. He focused all his time trying to block the communist that Japanese forces were able to advance into China in the early 1930s. - Chiang reluctantly formed an alliance with the communists to combat against the Japanese. They went to war with Japan for the next seven years, which took priority over the civil war in the contest for control of China. - Communists got advantages from the Japanese invasions because they invaded cities of Nationalist control. - By the end of WWII, the Nationalists controlled many cities in the north. - Communists won the support of the Chinese intellectuals because they were determined to fight the Japanese. - Many nationalist soldiers switched over to the communist side during the four year civil war. - By 1949, the civil war was over. Chiang fled to Taiwan and Mao proclaimed the establishment of the **People's Republic of China** in Beijing. - The communists won over most of the peasantry with their economic and social reforms. He also established land reforms which were a major problem in China. - Mao's soldiers had a better chance of survival than the Nationalist soldiers because of the way they were treated. - **Lin Biao** was a gifted commander who was trained with Mao at the Whampoa Academy. - Communists convinced the peasantry that they could improve their lives. **The Communists Come to Power** Main Idea: With communists in power, China was beginning to get itself invovled with foreign affairs, such as border line disputes with India and Russia. Details: - The **party cadres** and the **People's Liberation army** were a strong political and military organization for the communist party, respectively. - The army was subordinate to the party. - In the early 1950s, China intervened with the conflicts in North and South Korea. - The Communist leadership threatened to invade Taiwan. - Bad relations with Russia along their border lines. - China exploded the first nuclear device developed by a nonindustrial nation. **Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice** Main Idea: Mao sought to increase the economic and social conditions in China, however, their was only a minor increase when they switched over to industrialization and land was taken away from peasants for collectivization. Details: - The first priority of the communists was to settle the social revolution in the rural areas that had been carried through a long period of time. - Communists saw industrialization as the key to successful development, not peasant farmers. - Five year plan was introduced, pulling China away from the peasantry, which had originally brought them to power. Now they turned toward the urban work force. - China was now threatened by the United States' intervention in Korea. - Mao did not agree with Lenin and distrusted intellectuals and relied more on the peasantry. - Mao and his supporters pushed the Mass Line approach, beginning with the formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955. - Land was taken away from the peasants through collectivization. **The Great Leap Backward** Main Idea: The Great Leap Forward was in reality a Great Leap Backward, for it left China in a worse economic state than when it had started. Details: - Mao and his supporters launched the **Great Leap Forward** in 1958. - After a couple months of the launch of their program, indicators show that this was leading to economic disaster. - Peasants were resisting collectivization. - Famine spread across China. - Mao did not want to recieve help from the West or, the United Nations, instead Mao insisted they could take care of themselves. - Birth rates were surprising lower than those of man emerging nations. - Population was increasing severly, leading to overcrowding. - By the 1980s, just one child per faimly was allowed. Greatly reduced birth rates. - As a result of this disasterour plan, Mao lost his position as state chairman. - The **pragmatists**, consisting of **Zhou Enlai**, **Liu Shaoqui**, **Deng Xiaoping**, came to power hoping to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level. **"Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens"** Main Idea: Under the power of Jiang Qing, women were able to finally gain equality with men. Details: - Mao was extremely reliant on his wife **Jiang Qing** for the liberation of Chinese women. - There were efforts to abolish footbinding, campaigns to end female seclusion, win legal rights for women, and open educational and career opportunities to them. - Many women joined communists. - Chiang's wife, Madam Chiang Kai-shek, tried to get women to stay at home. - Women held occupations such as teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, and laborers. Sometimes they were even soldiers. - Women were now legally equal to men. No more arranged marriages. Women are expected to work outside the home. Better education opportunities for women. **Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four** Main Idea: Just like his Giant Leap Forward, Mao's campaign proved to be another failure. Details: - Mao figured he had enough support from students, peasants, and the military that he could launch another campaign, the **Cultural Revolution**. But this would prove to be his last. - The **Red Guard** harrassed Mao's political rivals. Shaoqui was killed, Enlai was driven into seculsion, and Xiaoping was imprisoned. - Students and the army were used to pull down the bureaucrats from their positions of power and privelge. - Mao was forced to call off the campaign in 1968. - By 1970s, Mao's rivals soon surfaced again. - Treaty with the U.S. was neogiated in the early 1970s. - The **Gang of Four** contested power on behalf of Mao, which was led by Deng. - Gang of Four sought to seize power, but the pragmatists allied with military leaders. They were soon arrests. - Deng opened up China to Western influenes and capitilist development.

**Democratic Protest and Repression in China 848-849** - On June 4, 1989, protesters were angery and wanted a more open democratic system, as against communist one-party control. - Li Peng speaks a lot about how the protests are just a mere inconvience and soiling China's image. - He addresses that if they don't solve the hunger strike among the students, then there will be serious consequences that no one will want to see. - The People's Republic of China is facing a serious threat. - No government would be as tolerant of the protests as China has. People think that this is a weakness of the government.

//Why does Li Peng object ot he protest movement?// He objects because it is causing many inconviences for other people, because they cause road blocks and train delays. The protests are also a bad image for China. //How does he try to persuade ordinary Chinese that the protest should cease?// He informst the ordinary Chinese people that the protests should end because they will cause serious consequences that no one wants to see. He basically uses scare tactics to get through to his people. //What arguments resemble those many governments use against protest?// When Li Peng brings up that these students are the future of China. //What arguments reflect more distinctively Chinese traditions or communist values?// That the people are making the communist government look weak when they are really just being tolerant. //Why did the Chinese decide to repess political democracy?// They decided to repress political democracy because democracy showed new oppurtunities for new reforms that could potentially save their social turmoil and government.

**Leadership Analysis on Mao Zedong**

**Thesis Statements** 1.) Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present From 1914 to the present, there was always a struggle for power or a threat of power, but Chinese politics have remained to be solely communistic and reliant on the peasantry. Between 1914 and today, China experienced many changes in political structure. The most important changes were a shift to communism from a monarchy and 2.) Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present From 1914 to the present, peasants were living in extremely tough conditions, but women were able to eventually gain equality.

Comparison Essay Outlines

Thesis Statement: The political developments in China and Russia were both communistic at one point, however, Russia eventually developed into a liberal democracy while China remained communistic.
 * Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia.**

Topic Sentence #1: Both communists Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis: Russian communist party and Chinese communist party in charge of nation. Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence: Both had similar goals and ideals, wanted to make the peasant class content. Analysis of Direct Comparison: Rise in competition between the two nations.

Topic Sentence #2: Russia developed into a liberal democracy while China remained communistic. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis: Pragmatists still control the nation, Russia is run by president Putin Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence: Russia developed, China held onto old beliefs. Analysis of Direct Comparison: Russia was able to see the flaws in communism, China will do the same.

Topic Sentence #3: Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

Thesis Statement: Both China and Russia had horrible working conditions for the urban working class of their industries and used a system of collectiviziation to make profit. However, China was able to gain legal rights for their women while Russian women stayed in the home.
 * Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women**

Topic Sentence #1: The working conditions in the factories in both China and Russia were horrendous. Evidence of Topic Sentence: The factories were polluting the environment and the health of the workers. Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence: Death rates were rising and workers were becoming unmotiviated. Analysis of Direct Comparison: If workers become unmotivated the rate of production will decrease.

Topic Sentence #2: A system of collectivization was used to make profits in both China and Russia. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence: China and Russia used this system to make money rather than make peasants happy. Analysis of Direct Comparison: By upsetting the peasants, they would be less inclined to do their tasks on hand and their economy will suffer.

Topic Sentence #3: Women's rights differed in both nations Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis: Jiang Qing of China. Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence: Women in China were able to become equal to men while women in Russia remained subordinate. Analysis of Direct Comparison: Russian women might be more likely to revolt and start campaigns for women's rights.