Spain+and+Latin+American+Colonies

-Spanish and Portuguese merchants shaped traditions that carried over to colonies -Portugal moved down African coast, establishing trading posts- led to slave trade with Atlantic islands and Africa - Silver was more valuable than gold. - They enforced mita, which was forced labor, forced on Indians and natives to work on state projects. - Slaves were needed for labor force in addition to serfs. - Europe controlled trade with the help of the **consulado**. || -Spain and Portuguese people were very urban - Peasants lived in small towns and villages -Similar pattern developed in America where Europeans lived in cities and towns -Many who came to America as conquerors sought to recreate themselves as a new nobility, with native peoples as their serfs - Patriarchal family was adapted to Latin America where large estates and **encomiendas** (grants of American Indian laborers) provided framework for economic dominance relations -The Iberian peninsula maintained tradition of using slaves- extension of slavery in America too -Arrival of Spanish women and African slaves represented shift from area of conquest to one of settlement -Lack of women in soceities led to exploitation of women in the social structure - haciendas became basis of wealth and power for aristocracy in local areas. - Commoners went to the new world in hopes of becoming conquerors - Conquerors hoped to become nobles. - Indian nobles were treated as middle men. || -Christian kingdoms emerged, such as Portugal on the Atlantic coast and Aragon in eastern Spain, and in the center of the peninsula Castile (largest kingdom) -Rulers **Ferdinand of Aragon** and his wife **Isabella of Castile** created a program of unification that hoped to get rid of the religious and ethnic diversity within their kingdoms-The cross triumphed the peninsula with the fall of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom, in 1492-Isabella ordered the Jews to convert or leave- 200,000 left, disrupting the economy <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-Political centralization of Portugal and Castile relied on a professional bureaucracy made up of men such as lawyers and judges - The crown feared limited social mobility, prevented the heritance of encomiendas. - They created administrative institutions, and they were divided into ten judicial divisions. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- The first era of conquest occurred between 1492 and 1570. It brought two continents and millions people under the European control. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- The second era of conquest occurred between 1570 to about 1700. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- The third era of conquest occurred during the 18th century, a period of reform and reorganization in both Spanish America and Portuguese. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- In 1493 the colony on the island of Santo Domingo (Hispaniola) was established. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- The New World offered many opportunities to start new ideas and forms. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Disease and conquest demolished the native peoples of the Caribbean. In 30 years or so, most of the indigenous population had died or been killed. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Expedition leaped from island to island in the Caribbean. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- The conquest of the Americas was focused in two places, Mexico and South America. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- In 1519, Hernán Cortés led an expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico. He captured and killed the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II during his conquest inland. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec society, was soon replaced by Mexico City. Most of central America was brought down under Spanish control as the kingdom of New Spain. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Led by Francisco Pizarro, fewer than 200 men conquered the Inca empire. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- By 1540 most Peru was under Spanish control and they had developed a new major city, Lima, at the old Inca capital Cuzco. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led one of the most famous expeditions in southwestern United States in search for mythical cities of gold. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Pedro de Valdivia conquered the Araucanians of central Chile and established the major city of Santiago in 1541. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- By 1570, there were 192 Spanish cities and towns throughout the Americas. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Isabella of Castile ordered that Jews must convert to Christianity or they have to leave the country. Nearly 200,000 Jews left, affecting their economy severely. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- The church was being represented by missionaries such as the Dominicans. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- By 1530, a cathedral was being built on Hispaniola. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- A university in Hispaniola was being built shortly after the cathedral in 1530. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- The Spanish conquests stirred a series of important philosophical and moral questions for Europeans, such as: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">~ Who were the Indians? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">~ Were they fully human? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">~ Was it proper to convert them to Christianity? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- In 1548 Juan Gines de Sépulveda’s book stated that the conquests were fully justified. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">- Horses, firearms, and steel weapons gave the Spanish a great advantage over the stone technology of the native peoples. || 1. Spanish Impact in Latin American colonies
 * E || Main Idea: Slaves and serfs burden to the economy of the American Colonies.
 * S || Main Idea: The New World provided new oppurtunities to expand their social status.
 * P || Main Idea: The political system of the Latin American colonies paralleled that of Spain's.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">I || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Main Idea: There were three eras of conquest where Spain dominated Mexico and South America.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Main Idea: Christianity was the main religion for the Latin American colonies, those who weren't were forced to leave or forced to convert.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">I || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Main Idea: Books were released debating the justification of the conquests in the colonies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">T || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Main Idea: The conquistadors were at an advantage when they were at battle over the natives.

Brazil: The First Plantation Colony Main Idea: The Portuguese started the first plantation colony in Brazil, where they used Indians and Africans as slaves. - **Pedro Alvares Cabral** led his men on the first Portuguese landfall in South America while taking a break on his original journey to India in 1500. - The only thing that interested the crown in Brazil was the dyewood that grew in the forest. Portuguese paid little attention to Brazil for about 30 years. - Portuguese finally took action when they received pressure from the French. - Nobles were granted bits of land along the coast of Brazil to develop and colonize, they were called **capitaincies**. - Towns were established in a few places along with sugar plantations using Native Americans, then African slaves. - By 1600, there were 100,000 inhabitants of Brazil: 30,000 Europeans, 15,1000 black slaves, and the rest Native Americans and people of mixed origin. Sugar and Slavery - During the next century, Brazil was the world's leading sugar producer. - During the 17th century, about 7000 slaves were imported from Africa and by the end of that century there were about 150,000 slaves. - Social pyramid = white planter farmers became and aristocracy ( at the top), slaves were at the bottom and were distinguished by color and their status as property. - Like Spain, Portugal created a bureaucratic structure that integrated Brazil within an imperial system. - There were governors for each capitaincy that ruled independently from the major governor of Salvador. - The cattle ranches and sugar mills supported the construction of churches and schools as well as a network of missions with thousands of Native American residents. - Unlike Spanish America, Brazil did not have universities or printing press. Brazil was dependent on Portugal more so than Spanish colonies on Spain. Brazil's Age of Gold - **Paulistas** was exploring the interior of Brazil when they had found gold in the **Minas Gerais** in 1695, the Brazilian colony experience a new boom. - Instead of rushing to the coast, immigrants were rushing to the gold mines, where half of the slave population worked mining gold. - The government imposed a heavy tax to gain control of the newfound wealth. - The port at **Rio de Janeiro** gained importance since it was nearest to the gold mines. It later became the capital of the economy. - Portugal became to rely way to much on gold, and when gold became scarce, Portugal found itself dependent on England.

2. Portugal's Impact on Brazil

The 18th-Century Reforms Main Idea: Because of the changing European econmic and demographic realities as from new ideas, reforms started in Spain and Portugal colonies. Details: - Small clubs and associations in Spanish colonies referred to themselves as **amigos del pais**, or friends of the country, their goals were to plan reforms for the city. - There programs were for material benefits and improvements, not political reforms. - In Portugal, they were influenced by foreigners and started a group of progressive thinkers and bureaucrats open to new ideas in economy, education, and philosophy.

The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade Main Idea: Spain's power was declining rapidly due to many major factors, but they were still able to retain their hold on the American colonies. Details: - Spain was beginnging to weaken, due to foreign wars, increasing debt, declining population, and internal revolts. France threatened Spain's power, due to their rising mercantile strength. Their religion also made them rivals with Spain. - Buccaneers raide the Caribbean pots in the late 17th century. - Due to the sudden death of Spanish king, Charles II, crisis struck Spain, and the race for the throne began. - The War of the Spanish Succession ensued during 1702 and 1713, the result at the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) was recognition of a brach of the Bourbon family as rulers of Spain. The Bourbon Reforms Main Idea: Details: - During the Bourbon dynasty, they started the age of "enlightened despotism," especially monarch Charles III, were moved by economic nationalism and a desire for strong centralized goverment to institute economic, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. - They wanted to make the government stronger, more powerful, and better able to direct the economy. - The Jesuits were expelled for the Spanish Empire. - French bureaucratic models were introduced, the system of taxation tightened, the navy was reformed, new ships were built, the convoy feelt system was abadoned, and in 1778 new ports opened in Spain and America for the West Indies trade. - New viceroyalties were created in New Granada and the Rio de la Plata to provide better administration and defense to the growing populations of these regions. - They sent royal investigators to the Indies, such as Jose de Galvez, who spent six years in Mexico before returning to Spain to become minister of the Indies and a cheif architect of reform. - New offices were created in place for the Greoles from the upper class, the new offices. Corregidores, or local magistrates, were removed from the India villages, and that office became replaced by a new system of intendants, or provincial governors. The system improved tax collections and made the government more effective. - State monopolies were established for items the government considered essential, such as tobacco and gunpowder.