India

__**Indian Nationalism: Challenging the Raj and Winning Independence**__

1.Read 657-661 and 722-723 Outline notes Indian Independence - Make sure you relate events in India to major world events

657-661 __** The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order **__ Main Idea: The European image of racial superiority was diminishing during the time of the war. Details: - Fighting was occurring in the colonies such as Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and east Africa. - Africans and Asians were being slaughtered on the battle field. First time that Europeans ordered to kill other Europeans. - There was doubt that the Europeans were the fittest of all people to rule the globe. Thus spurring anti-colonial movements. Main Idea: Due to the British neglect of India, a National Congress party emerged, that wanted the British government to address their issues. Details: - Independence movements in Asia earlier than those of Africa, due to the times of their colonizations. - Indians gained independence through the **National Congress party**, centered in the cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras. Became a political party in 1885. - Many of the problems discussed in the Congress were about elite-centric issues, for example, removal of barriers to Indian employment in the colonial bureaucracy and increased Indian representation in all-Indian and local legislative bodies. Many of the members were loyal to the British and believed that once they made these problems aware to the government, they would be solved. Main Idea: The British were gradually pissing off the Indians with their need for sponsors for their army and administrators. Details: - The more than half a century of British rule over India created much discontent among the Indian peoples. - The budget of India's government went to sponsor the large British army during World War I.The Indian peoples also paid for the salaries of British administrators that took the positions of well qualified Indians. - The needy British government forced the Indian peasants to produce cash crops such as cotton, jute, and indigo. Indians blamed the British for the food shortages and the diseases that were spreading. Main Idea: Their was a lot of British oppression, led by nationalist B. G. Tilak. Details: - Muslims made up nearly one-fourth of the population of India, conflicting with the Hindu religion. - **B. G. Tilak** believed that since Hindu's made up the majority of the Indian population, that nationalism should be built on appeals to Hindu religiosity.He tried to revive old Hindu traditions. - Tilak wanted full independence from Britain, and threatened violent rebellion if the British failed to comply. - Tilak was the first nationalist leader with a large fan base.He was popular mainly in Bombay. - The British feared his power and arrested and imprisoned. - Another threat came from Hindu communalists who advocated the violent overthrow of the colonial regime. - Western-educated Indian lawyers beame the dominant force in nationalist politics. - The **Morley-Minto reforms** provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities both to vote for and serve on local and all-India legislative councils. Main Idea: The peasants had an extremely difficult time, dealing with the brunt of the taxes imposed and suffered from diseases and famine. Details: - India played one of the most effective roles in aiding the British in World War I. But as time went on, Indians were dying on the battlefield and going hungry. Social unrest was spreading. - Peasants were angry about the prices of their market produce. They were also angered by the inability to sell what they had produced. - Many localities suffered from famine. - The **Montagu-Chelmsford reforms** of 1919 increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administrations of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians. - **Rowlattt Act** placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights, such as freedom of the press. - **Mohandas Gandhi** emerged as the new nationalist leader.
 * India: The Makings to the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj **
 * Social Foundations of a Mass Movement **
 * The Rise of the Militant Nationalism **
 * The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of Nationalist Struggle **

Page 722 - 723 Main Idea: British passed over control over to the Indian Congress party. Details: - Ghandi was shot by a Hindu fanatic. - WWII stopped the tension between Indian National Congress and the British in the 1930s. - Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India to deal with Indian leaders.

Notes in class 3/25/11 - Unfair treatment by British - Indian poverty and food shortages -> WWI - WWI -> soldiers, money - why? - Indian Exposure to western education (self-determination) - British reneged on promises - WWI. - National Congress: high ranking in Raj, educated elite. - Nationalist w/Tilak: Drastic, Aggressive, Alienated Moderates, seen as threat by British, and had a mass following. - Gandhi: Civil disobiendience, non violence. Civil disobiendience is a tactic in which you break laws for a political change, but in a civil way.

Leadership Analysis on Gandhi! ~

3. Indian Identity An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India. Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions.

an identity is what defines a person, their characteristics, personality, etc. identities are formed through different events that shape who we are. our identities are what we make our judgements off of, if they look/ act they way we want. conformity is doing what everyone else does or what is the social norm a society belongs based on the social norms our attitudes influence the decisions we make and how to make them. to belong to a group, it means that you are associated with people who share the same attitudes or beliefs as you do. membership is defined by certain standards that the leader makes.
 * What is an Identity?
 * How are our identities formed?
 * How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others?
 * What is conformity?
 * How does a society decide who belongs and who does not?
 * How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking?
 * What does it mean to belong to a group?
 * How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined?

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